c++实现井字棋人工智能与人对战
实现一个井字棋（Tic-Tac-Toe）游戏，允许人工智能（AI）与人对战，需要在C++中编写一个游戏逻辑并实现AI的决策算法。下面是一个详细的实现步骤和示例代码。
实现步骤
定义游戏板和状态：
- 使用一个二维数组表示游戏板。
- 定义常量表示玩家和AI的符号。
初始化游戏板：
- 创建一个函数初始化游戏板，将所有格子设为空。
打印游戏板：
- 创建一个函数打印当前游戏板状态。
检查胜利条件：
- 创建一个函数检查是否有玩家获胜或平局。
处理玩家移动：
- 创建一个函数处理玩家输入，更新游戏板。
AI决策：
- 实现一个简单的AI算法（例如Minimax算法）来决定最佳移动。
游戏主循环：
- 在主函数中实现游戏循环，交替处理玩家和AI的移动，直到游戏结束。
示例代码
cpp#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <limits>
using namespace std;
const char PLAYER = 'X';
const char AI = 'O';
const char EMPTY = ' ';
// 初始化游戏板
void initializeBoard(vector<vector<char>>& board) {
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
board[i][j] = EMPTY;
}
}
}
// 打印游戏板
void printBoard(const vector<vector<char>>& board) {
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
cout << board[i][j];
if (j < 2) cout << " | ";
}
cout << endl;
if (i < 2) cout << "---------" << endl;
}
}
// 检查胜利条件
bool checkWin(const vector<vector<char>>& board, char player) {
// 检查行和列
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
if ((board[i][0] == player && board[i][1] == player && board[i][2] == player) ||
(board[0][i] == player && board[1][i] == player && board[2][i] == player)) {
return true;
}
}
// 检查对角线
if ((board[0][0] == player && board[1][1] == player && board[2][2] == player) ||
(board[0][2] == player && board[1][1] == player && board[2][0] == player)) {
return true;
}
return false;
}
// 检查是否平局
bool checkDraw(const vector<vector<char>>& board) {
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (board[i][j] == EMPTY) return false;
}
}
return true;
}
// 玩家移动
void playerMove(vector<vector<char>>& board) {
int row, col;
while (true) {
cout << "Enter your move (row and column): ";
cin >> row >> col;
if (row >= 0 && row < 3 && col >= 0 && col < 3 && board[row][col] == EMPTY) {
board[row][col] = PLAYER;
break;
} else {
cout << "Invalid move. Try again." << endl;
}
}
}
// Minimax算法实现AI决策
int minimax(vector<vector<char>>& board, bool isMaximizing) {
if (checkWin(board, AI)) return 1;
if (checkWin(board, PLAYER)) return -1;
if (checkDraw(board)) return 0;
if (isMaximizing) {
int bestScore = numeric_limits<int>::min();
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (board[i][j] == EMPTY) {
board[i][j] = AI;
int score = minimax(board, false);
board[i][j] = EMPTY;
bestScore = max(score, bestScore);
}
}
}
return bestScore;
} else {
int bestScore = numeric_limits<int>::max();
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (board[i][j] == EMPTY) {
board[i][j] = PLAYER;
int score = minimax(board, true);
board[i][j] = EMPTY;
bestScore = min(score, bestScore);
}
}
}
return bestScore;
}
}
// AI移动
void aiMove(vector<vector<char>>& board) {
int bestScore = numeric_limits<int>::min();
int moveRow = -1;
int moveCol = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (board[i][j] == EMPTY) {
board[i][j] = AI;
int score = minimax(board, false);
board[i][j] = EMPTY;
if (score > bestScore) {
bestScore = score;
moveRow = i;
moveCol = j;
}
}
}
}
board[moveRow][moveCol] = AI;
}
int main() {
vector<vector<char>> board(3, vector<char>(3));
initializeBoard(board);
while (true) {
printBoard(board);
playerMove(board);
if (checkWin(board, PLAYER)) {
printBoard(board);
cout << "Player wins!" << endl;
break;
}
if (checkDraw(board)) {
printBoard(board);
cout << "It's a draw!" << endl;
break;
}
aiMove(board);
if (checkWin(board, AI)) {
printBoard(board);
cout << "AI wins!" << endl;
break;
}
if (checkDraw(board)) {
printBoard(board);
cout << "It's a draw!" << endl;
break;
}
}
return 0;
}
关键步骤解释
初始化游戏板：
cppvoid initializeBoard(vector<vector<char>>& board) { for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) { board[i][j] = EMPTY; } } }打印游戏板：
cppvoid printBoard(const vector<vector<char>>& board) { for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) { cout << board[i][j]; if (j < 2) cout << " | "; } cout << endl; if (i